Particulate composites, analysis techniques and applications

The combination of at least two of the metal, ceramic or polymer groups at a macro level is called a composite material and, in this way, better properties are obtained. Composites can be partitioned into three groupings as layered, fiber and particle reinforced. Particulate composites offer flexibility in composition and component design and are isotropic. This investigation critically examines analysis techniques for particulate composites such as dimensional measurements, property distribution, composition and phase tests, density, and porosity tests (e


Introduction
The combination of at least two of the metal, ceramic or polymer groups at a macro level is called composite material and, in this way, better properties are obtained.Composites can be separated into three classes as layered, fiber-reinforced, and particle-reinforced.Particulate composites are everywhere.It comprises of concrete, sand and rock reinforced with rebar.Engineers treat this concrete as an even material.Certain composites contain fibers, while others are based on flat particles [1][2].The additional phase is chosen to increase the performance of the continuous matrix phase.
Often composites are devised to provide enhanced possessions.Using stiffness, Table 1 lists cases for every of the four conditions.In the initial state of WC-8Co, the compound is almost identical to the harder phase; The WC composite leads the hardness.In the subsequent case of PE-mica, the composite stiffness is medium amongst two factors.In this structure, the hardness is directly proportional with the substance of mica.Table 1.HV Hardness results for particulate composites (wt%) [1][2].Particulate composites propose flexibility in composition and are isotropic.Fibers are appreciated for good charge transfer among phases, nevertheless interlaced phase particle composites propose comparable charge transfer.The first particulate composites date back to before written history [3].
Around 300 BC, gold-platinum products from metallic composites appeared in South America [4].The two most used compounds were: 12Pt-88Au (wt%) or high Pt containing 15-40% Au (wt%).The Incas melted mixtures of Pt and Au powder using temperatures close to 1100 C. Once the first European expeditions to the Americas, the idea of this Au-Pt compound spread throughout Spain.As man-made powders began in the 1900s, engineered particulate composites grew.The significant cemented carbide composite containing of hard WC with a metallic bond was marketed in 1920s [5].Composites with polymeric matrix appeared in the 1950s.Today, we can say that both recyclable thermoplastics and non-recyclable thermosets are used.
While particulate composites have earliest ancestry [6], rapid growth has been seen in the last 100 years [7].These structures are still used in the biomedical field, engine components, electronics, optical devices, and metal cutting tools.
In this investigation, analysis techniques for the particulate composites such as dimensional measurements, composition and phases tests, density and porosity tests, hardness measurements, mechanical properties via nondestructive and destructive tests are critically studied.Also, application areas for the particulate composites are highlighted including the hard metals, dental porcelain, electrical contacts, friction products and thermal materials.

Dimensional test
The measurements for the dimensions are one of the utmost used control methods in manufacturing.Surface roughness measurement is among other methods.Calipers, micrometers, gauges, or coordinate measuring machines can be used to measure dimensions.

Property distributions
The dimensional distribution arises a normal distribution depicted by double factors, the mean UA, and the standard deviation σ.The normal distribution is the bell (Gauss) curve correlated with grade spreading in school.
There is inherent variation in any measurement, characterized by scattering around the mean value.The distribution is defined by the standard deviation.For instance, when determining the size of a factor utilizing 10 operators, arbitrary nonetheless intelligent differences in association, instrument reading, and environment temperature contribute to the measurement spreading.
In terms of fit quality, the Weibull distribution assigns the greatest representation for the variable quantity associated to refraction.This is obvious applying the fracture strength data of WC-2TaC-6Co [8] in Figure 2.

Composition and phases
Compound chemical analysis is divided into area analysis and point analysis.Area analysis gives information about the overall composition.Point analysis, on the other hand, allows the determination of separate phase composition [9].These analyzes are done by means of EDS analysis in scanning (SEM) or transmission (TEM) electron microscope.
In turn, it can utilize XRD to analyze composition.A test specimen is subjected to a X-ray beam [10].For every substance, a feature pattern of diffracted X-rays grants data about the crystal structure that is valuable in identifying phases.

Density and porosity tests
Density is equal to mass separated by volume, stated in g/cm3 or kg/m3.Porosity is decided utilizing the calculated density and its deviation from the theoretical density.As an example, the subsequent guidelines give property assessments to display in what manner 15% porosity lowers possessions.
The theoretical density of a biphasic compound with phases indicated A and B, the analogous mass fractions are WA and WB with theoretical densities ρA and ρB.The non-porous composite density ρC is assumed by (1): Density is reasonably simple to assess in modest geometries for instance cylinders or rectangles established on mass and dimensions.Dividing the determined density by the hypothetical density yields the fractional density, f.Any deviation from the hypothetical density shows porosity, defects, impurities, or chemical reactions.
Porosity is stated as a proportion or fraction of the factor volume.The fractional porosity ε is estimated from the real density ρ and the theoretical composite density ρC using (2), where f is the fractional density.While various methods happen for determining density, the most popular by far is founded on the earliest water immersion method.

Archimedean method
For supplies over 1 g/cm3, the submersion method is most beneficial.This is likewise recognized as the Archimedean method.It includes a series of mass measurements as shown in Figure 3. Foremost, the element is assessed dry (M1).Actions are necessary to prevent water from entering the surface pores, which could change the weight.Filling the specimen with oil is a regular way to prevent this trouble.Specimen weight is measured with reimpregnated oil (M2).If there are no surface pores, oil saturation is missed because these two dimensions are the identical.The part is then engrossed in water to transfer its volume and the submerged mass is determined (M3).The replaced water volume causes to weight drop.A cable is utilized to hang the section in water and its mass MW is determined individually in water at the identical immersion level.The composite density ρC in g/cm 3 is computed from the mass resolves as arises in (3): Where in (4) ρW is the density of water (in g/cm 3 ).While water as 1 g/cm 3 , precise density resolves involve small changes in water density with temperature, such as: T is the water temperature in C. Once done in sensitive conditions, intensity is determined to six meaningful numbers.The magnitude misprint is about 0.001%.In normal test conditions, the evaluated intensity is more normally only correct to about 0.1%.

Pycnometer technique
Helium is utilized to assess volume in a pycnometer.For the pycnometer density, a test specimen is positioned in a compartment of recognized volume.The compartment is emptied to eliminate all gas.Density is established by an independent measurement of the sample mass.
As shown in Figure 4, the test is a compartment of recognized volume V covering a specimen of unidentified volume V. Firstly, the test compartment is at pressure P1 and the measurement compartment was firstly emptied.
The VC volume calibration compartment is attached to the specimen compartment.After releasing the joining valve, the pressure is balanced at P 2 in both compartments.Using the ideal gas law in (5), Figure 4. Volume measurement with gas pycnometer Therefore, the powder or part volume V is subtracted in ( 6) as follows: The separately determined part mass split by this volume goes the pycnometer density.Pressure quantities are accurate to about 0.05%, so the method is fewer precise assessed to the Archimedean method.Overall, pycnometer has a flexibility of 0.2%.

Hardness
Hardness, like density, is used a lot in quality control.The resistance shown by the surface against a hard object immersed in the surface is called hardness [11].The scar diameter is larger in soft materials, while the trace diameter is less in hard materials.The hardness trace on the material surface can be removed with sandpaper and the material can be used again.Among the hardness tests, we can mention Brinell (HB), Vickers (HV) and Rockwell (HR) hardness measurement methods.Different hardness measurement methods are given in Figure 3.
Figure 5.Comparison of various hardness measurement methods

Brinell hardness
In Brinell hardness test, a hard ball with a diameter of 10 mm is pressed on the sample for 30 seconds and the resulting trace is measured.The Brinell hardness number is calculated as follows in (7): where P is the test load, D is the ball diameter (10 mm) and d is the track diameter.In general, force F 3000 kgf is used.The track diameter d is determined in mm.Assessed to other scales, a BHN of 245 is approximately the identical as 100 HRB or 24 HRC or 250 HV.
HV = 1.854 A diamond pyramid with an apex angle of 136 degrees is used in the Vickers hardness test in (8).In the equation, Load P is in kg and w is the diagonal of the indentation in mm.Interpreting is expressed in one of two units.
Here it is HV relating to kgf/mm2 units equivalent to 106 kgf/m2.

Rockwell hardness
Rockwell hardness measurement method is preferred by the industry because it is practical.Here, a ball or diamond cone is used as a penetrating tip.Preload (98 N) is done first.Then the main installation is done.Then, after the main loading is removed, the hardness of the material is read from the display.Various Rockwell hardness measurement methods are shown in Table 2.

Mechanical possessions
Of the mechanical possessions, elastic properties are measured non-destructively in particulate composites.The test is done under normal conditions, but it is also possible to do this test at high temperatures or in corrosive environments.

Nondestructive tests
Elastic properties are measured by non-destructive tests.The velocity of sound in a solid u, changes nominally with density ρ and modulus of elasticity E as shown in ( 9): The Poisson's ratio ν arrives in the computations as follows in ( 10): There are dual approaches to utilize those relationships.First approach is to determine the density and the lateral velocity of sound to obtain modulus of elasticity undertaking the Poisson's ratio.Another route is to determine the speed of sound to evaluate density for comparison with theoretical density.
The calibration rate uO is established for the complete-density material and allows the fractional density f to be subtracted through the assessed velocity u in this manner shown in (11): Ultrasonic inspection is a non-destructive inspection method and can be used in many places.We can give examples of applications in the biomedical field and in airplanes.

Tensile strength
Tensile test is the key method in evaluating mechanical possessions [12].In the tensile exam, the material specimen is drawn until it breaks.Yield is related to the start of deformation in plastic region, which is the beginning of constant strain.Stress to give 0.2% plastic strain is the universal base for deciding yield strength and implies a small constant deformation.The engineering stress is undertaken by dividing the load by the preliminary cross-sectional section.The highest stress faced to failure is greatest tensile strength.Maximum tensile strength is not a reliable design limit and yield strength is used in the design.
Figure 6 shows the compression test.Here, σ is compressive strength estimated from the applied load F and the mid specimen diameter D shown in ( 12), Figure 6.Two compression testing The three-point bending test used in particulate composites and generally brittle materials is shown in Figure 7.
It depends on a quadrilateral bar give to a bending moment to cause breakage on the smaller face where the largest stress is present.The breaking strength σ is estimated from the supreme load F, the inferior support span length L (not the sample length) among the two lower supports, the specimen width W, and the specimen width T like this shown in (13): Absolute dimensions vary, but size scales 1-2-4; for instance, T = 6mm, W = 12mm and L = 24mm.Lesser specimens cause advanced strengths, so a combination of 3-6-12 mm is also used.
Many parameters such as modulus of elasticity, yield and tensile strength and extension are obtained from tensile tests.In the tensile test, round and polished outer surfaces are generally used, and these samples are drawn at a constant tensile speed [13].

Impact tests
Toughness during impact is an evaluation of the energy obliged to break a test specimen.The most common is the utilize of a Charpy bar measuring 10 x 10 x 55 mm [14].Employing a hanging pendulum, the energy utilized to break the rod is determined.This is sometimes referred to as impact strength or impact toughness.
Two test geometries, both notched and unnotched, are shown in Figure 8.The notched specimen for Charpy test is most widespread, with 45 notches 2mm deep in the center.To gauge the fracture energy, the hammer is raised to its initial altitude and permitted to hang across the specimen.As farther energy is exhausted in breaking the specimen, the ensuing oscillation goes a shorter elevation.This dropped energy is impact power.
Figure 8. Impact test device

Advanced techniques
In addition to the conventional analysis techniques, it is possible to mention some sophisticated analysis techniques for microstructural characterization (e.g.SEM, EDS, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, STEM, AFM, FTIR) as well as mechanical tests (e.g.microhardness, nanoindentation, Berkovich, Poldi, Mohs hardness tests).Furthermore, some other mechanical properties of particulate composites can be monitored by means of impact, bending, torsion, fatigue, fracture toughness and so on.Finally, further investigations such as corrosion and wear resistance and biocompatibility, as well as magnetic, thermal, and electrical tests are needed to understand the behavior of particulate composites for specific applications.

Applications
Particulate composites are also used in places such as tires, electrical switches, tooth mixes and refrigerator magnets.The application areas of various particulate composites are shown in Figure 9.

Al-SiC
Aluminum is a light and easily shaped metal.Ceramic extracts are utilized to increase the strength and hardness of aluminum.The utmost common of these composites is based on silicon carbide, called AlSiC [15].The specific strength is found by dividing the strength by the density.SiC as the additional phase is preferred for its toughness, hardness, and good ability to bind to aluminum.As shown in Figure 10, thermal expansion with silicon carbide decreases, the elastic modulus increases, but the density changes little.

Cemented (hard metal) carbides
Cemented carbides contain WC particles and low concentrations of further carbides (TaC, TiC, VC etc.) in a metal matrix [17][18].A crucial feature of these composites has been acquired by the name as "hard metals".These composites are used in mining, drilling, cutting, and tunneling.Tungsten carbide is brittle, however very hard (HV 2100-2400).It is implemented because drawing dies are needed to generate W wire for bulb filaments.Several developments have emerged approximately the WC-Co composition, as summarized in Table 4 [19].It is seen in Table 4 that tool steels and then Co-Cr alloys were developed to use for hard metals in 1900 and 1909 years, respectively.In addition, first WC and then some metals (Ni, Co, Fe) and several ceramics (TiC, TaC, VC, NbC, Cr3C2, HfC) were added into WC among 1914 and 1959.Table 5 shows the strength and hardness values for various WC-Co composites [18].It is observed from Table 5 that in case of increasing cobalt contents into WC, strength values of composites increased while hardness values decreased.Appropriate feature selection depends on the application.For instance, elevated wear resistance means minimal fracture toughness.These composites are challenging to machine and often require diamond tools.

Dental porcelain
Dental porcelain is one of the ignored just extensively utilized composites.Dental porcelain is prepared for transparency, and color to match natural teeth [21].One way to create dental porcelain is founded on natural minerals united to creäte a paste that begins out as glass but turns into a ceramic-glass composition as it cooks.
Porcelain restoration involves a constrained coefficient of thermal expansion to prevent cracking through cooling.Glass-ceramic porcelain composites are very effective in dental applications due to their aesthetic and biocompatibility.

Electrical contacts
Composites are broadly utilized for electrical contacts, current breakers, circuit breakers and electron emission mechanisms [22][23].The most common compositions for electrical contacts are W-Cu and W-Ag composites.An electrical contact for high voltage like the one shown in Figure 12 transfers a significant current density (thousands of A/m2) that facilitates welding closure of the contact.Accordingly, when mechanical switching occurs, a time delay occurs and current stops flowing.Figure 13 is the micrograph for an Ag-CdO contact and Figure 14 is a cross-section micrograph through a W-Ag composite demonstrating special W particles in an Ag matrix.The dark spots at the W intergranular contact points are the pores.
Some W-WS sintering happens throughout the heating cycle to give the compact hardness and wear resistance in use.Under 20% W by volume, the refractory phase is discontinuous.The favored micrograph is fundamentally full density (2% porosity) with 1-5 µm silver and tungsten particles in a homogeneous dispersion.
Figure 13.Microstructure of Ag-CdO contacts for electrical usage.Ag is permanent phase and CdO is the dark [22][23].Electrical contacts are important in electromechanical industry.
Figure 14.The micrograph of a W-Ag contacts for electrical usage.The Ag is the permanent matrix phase and W is the cubic phase [22][23].An electrical contact for high voltage transfers a significant current density (thousands of A/m2) that facilitates welding closure of the contact.

Friction products
Permanent brake stuffs are wanted to cease cars for instance trains, cars, trucks, motorcycles, or planes.Clutches are based on similar friction material.These are often called frictional composites [24,25].A high coefficient of friction with a trivial wear rate is required from a brake.Brakes are a combination of ceramic, metal and polymer phases and typically include low-price mineral phases.The grouping of heat resistance and high coefficient of friction (0.8) cast iron propellers is most appropriate.Friction products are used in automotive, aircraft, marine, machining (drilling, cutting, milling etc.), defense and mining industry.
Friction compounds are divided into three as metallic, semi-metallic and organic.Metallic ones are especially based on iron and copper.Organic preparations are combinations of minerals, resins, fiberglass, and rubber.Table 6 summarizes the steps utilized in these commodities.It is seen from Table 6 that five examples re used in car friction product formulations.Here, phenolic resin is used for binder, aluminum oxide is used for abrasive, rubber is for filler, fiber glass is for reinforcement and graphite is used for lubricant material in car brake lining.Table 6.Car friction product formulations [24,25].The friction material is non-homogeneous and not completely dense.Resin attachment trusts on compression molding such as hot pressing to harden the phenolic resin to give strength to the mix.Resin attachment is being reinstated by sintering to achieve better strengths.Figure 15 is a microstructure from a sintered metallic brake demonstrating large-pore Fe-rich and Cu-rich regions where Sn has been pre-melted.

Formulation
Figure 15.Micrograph of a friction artifact composed of copper, graphite, tin, and iron [24,25].Large-pores illustrate Fe-rich and Cu-rich regions where Sn has been pre-melted.
The sintered brake pad shown in Figure 16 was created using 60-70 µm Fe and Cu powders and a lesser 18 µm Sn powder.Graphite powder is 100 μm.The mix is initially pressed at 414 MPa, adding 0.1% by weight of oil as binder to obtain a green density of 73%.Recent friction products include arrangements of Al with BC, Si-SiC-C and C-C.

Thermal materials
Thermal managing takes place in a diversity of conditions, from computers to spacecraft.By their nature, these products depend on a material with great thermal conductivity to dissipate heat.
Refractory metals were linked with highly conductive metals to meet the requirement for consistent electrical contacts [26,27].Choices were W-Cu and W-Ag.Comparable problems occurred with spacecraft return, where cooling was required for successful reentry into the atmosphere.This caused in condensation cooling with W-Cu composites.
Al-SiC, AlN-Cu, Cu-SiC, C-SiC, SiC-Cu etc. electrical contacts.W-Cu is decent for static appliances because of its price and accessibility.However, for portable designs for example hybrid cars, a lesser density is required, for instance yttrian aluminum nitride or Al with SiC.For the maximum demands, Cu with diamonds is an option.A standard figure utilized in hybrid cars is shown in Figure 16.Air is flowed throughout the string of pins to eliminate heat.Thermal materials are used in casting, furnaces, electro-mechanical industry, defense, marine, sports, space, and aircraft industry.
Figure 16.Coolant used in hybrid vehicle for brake pads utilized Fe, Cu, Sn, and graphite powders.Those powders are premixed sand then pressed at 414 MPa obtained 73% green density.

Future perspectives
Despite the imposing struggles and development made in current time, there are several unresolved problems and continued progress in the forthcoming.
(a) Difficulties of the manufacturing technique.Even though numerous MOF/substrate composites have been practiced by several techniques, in some studies the linking method among the MOF and the substrate is not evident sufficient and needs future investigation.It is critical to elaborate more successful techniques to exactly manipulate the manufacturing method of MOF/Substrate composites in the prospect.
(b) Balance of important parameters.How to appropriately modulate important parameters to obtain the desired total possessions?For instance, High exposure etc. Tight fixing and High filtering effectiveness etc.Low pressure drop.To obtain the desired properties, a good balance among these parameters needs to be contemplated in the production and course procedure of MOF/Substrate composites.
(c) Great stability.In practical application, the stability of MOFs and substrates and their connection strength are of great importance for long-term operation.It can cause various difficulties for instance poor stability, little life, adverse financial advantage, and resultant pollution.Nonetheless, the lasting steadiness of MOF/Substrate composite for ecological purposes remained mostly unknown.Additional significant investigations are required in the forthcoming.In short, how to essentially assess and upgrade the steadiness of MOF/Substrate composites requires additional examination.
(d) Minimal probable price.Besides, extreme price is a further major obstacle restricting the impending economic growth of MOF/Substrate composites for ecological purposes.The price of the present MOFcontaining expedient, counting the production technique, action procedure, and renewal policy, is too great to be marketed, and it is expected that they will receive greater attention and industrialization in the future.
(e) Device containing multifunctional MOF.Over the latter few years, it is perceived the benefits of MOF/Substrate composites in single pollutant removal.Respecting that diverse sorts of contaminants will appear simultaneously in the environment; in practice several pollutants need to be eliminated simultaneously.
In the future, mixed contaminant removal applications for multifunctional MOF/Substrate composites should be explored [28][29].
(f) The utmost critical function of copper in friction materials is to enable the realization of a solid friction film that provides the brake assembly with several positive tribological and functional properties.To substitute copper in the brake lining preparation and maintain good braking enactment, various amendments and alternatives of the definite elements are needed [30][31].
(g) In the outlook, this area of renewable energy inquiry will enhance more concentrated with the cumulative claim for electric vehicles to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on fossil fuels.Hydrogen fuel has more likely since they consist of better chemical energy assessed to traditional battery materials, but encounters remain regarding price and obtainability [32][33].
(h) Due to the limitations of battery-powered electric vehicles for example fewer plentiful battery materials, lengthier replenishing time, and climatical differences in competence, further investigate on fuel cell as the next production technology for medium-and heavy-duty electric cars is encouraged.Additionally, greater focus should be placed on sympathetic the recyclability of materials, compositional balance founded on filler-matrix interaction, fabrication circumstances, and optimization of electrical and mechanical possessions, in particular upholding durability and hardness but not compromising flexibility [32][33].
(i) 3-D printing methods have occurred to initiate advanced structures that hold great promise for patient-specific therapy for tissue regeneration and repair.Notwithstanding all the developments in 3-D printing methods for bioceramics, there are still main breaches in this arena regarding dimensional correctness, laborious optimizations, aggressive post-processing stages for instance sintering that hinder the incorporation of the scaffold with living cells, and growing aspects throughout printing [34][35].
(j) Future developments should also expand the classes of polymers that decide the ultimate possessions of particles.Moreover, because of the tremendous assets of inorganic materials combined with polymer, nonspherical polymer-inorganic hybrid particles and frameworks are emerging for many possible products, e.g.discovery, imagination diagnostics, alteration of cells, planned medicine distribute, imprisoned consequence, bio, and biotechnology.life science.Thanks to multidisciplinary attempts, clever efficient materials and mechanisms with attracting assets constructed on nuclear power plants will soon occur, showing great potential for the potential [36][37].
(k) Stage of advanced modeling tools that can forecast the possessions of constructed parts by knowing material assets, managing factors, and construction approaches.
(l) Improvement of mechanisms to flat the surface of the accumulated strips during deposition to decrease the surface roughness of the printed parts and enhance the mechanical possessions of the printed portions.
(m) Enhancement of new binder systems for filaments and pellets that are quicker to eliminate and can utilize other solvents for example water.
(n) Happening of new raw material materials with distinct filler fragments that can be sintered together for the manufacture of new multi-material sections with new functionalities.
(o) Improving the reliability of screw founded MEAM machines to substitute filaments with pellets, as filaments are difficult to make and limit the extent of powder that can be included to the feedstock.
(p) Improving the interface properties of multi-material mechanisms to foster good adhesion among several materials and achieve multi-material sections with extended service life [38][39][40].

Conclusions
The subsequent inferences can be obtained from the existing study: a.To analyze the particulate composites, the subsequent techniques can be employed.For example, Calipers, micrometers, gauges, or coordinate measuring machines can be used for dimensional test measurements.In the dimensional distribution, the normal distribution is usually used.Here, two parameters named mean and standard deviation are used.For the checking composition and phases tests, SEM/TEM-EDS and XRD are frequently utilized.For the density and porosity tests, Archimedean and Pycnometer Technique are employed.For hardness measurements, Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell hardness tests are frequently utilized.For the mechanical properties, nondestructive or destructive tests can be employed.For destructive tests, tensile strength and transverse rupture test can be used.
are feasible through micrograph tuning.Consider the instance of Al203 machined to a grain size of 1 µm or 0.1 µm (nanoscale in 100 nm).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Archimedes methodology to measure density

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Several properties for Al-SiC composites.Relationship of elastic modulus, density and thermal expansion of Al-SiC composite with the increment of SiC content [16]

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.The SEM micrograph of WC-Co composite for cutting tool applications[19]

Table 2 .
Various Rockwell hardness tests

Table 3
[16]ares the properties of an Al-alloy (2014-T6), a steel (8640) and Al-SiC (2014, 20% SiC)[16].The specific strength (tensile strength/density) and modulus of elasticity (elastic modulus/density) are greatest for composite: Since the specific strengths for Alalloy, steel and Al-SiC composites are calculated as 175, 192 and 206, respectively.Similarly, the specific modulus for Al-alloy, steel and Al-SiC composites are obtained as 26.8, 26.2 and 35.8, correspondingly.Al-SiC composites are used in aerospace, automotive, marine, train systems as well as defense industry.

Table 4 .
[19]nted carbides tool materials[19] Cemented carbide micrograph is illustrated in Figure11.It comprises of angular WC grains merged with a solidified alloy.Applications of cemented carbide products include mining tools, nozzles, oil, and gas drill bits.