Enhancement of the efficiency of solar energy cells by selecting suitable places based on the simulation of PV System

At present, the increasing demand for electrical energy and the presence of renewable sources in various forms in the world and, particularly in Iraq, such as solar energy and wind energy, have become the focus of researchers' attention. Huge efforts are focused on finding ways to use ecologically friendly energy to generate electricity and eliminate fossil fuels. In this study paper, we propose the use of a simulation program to discover the ideal location for a solar cell and the amount of time to be exposed to the sun's rays, so that a home powered by solar energy can be built. Also, through this program, the losses were calculated that accompany the conversion of light energy into electrical energy to find the necessary solutions to make the solar cell work with high efficiency.


Introduction
A photovoltaic system can be called a solar energy system, is a system designed to convert usable solar energy by installing photovoltaic cells [1,2]. It consists of a group of components, including solar panels that stand for the most important of these components, whose function is to absorb and convert sunlight into electrical energy, and a device for converting electrical power from direct current to alternating current, to which cables and other electrical accessories are added to create an integrated working system. Solar tracking and integrated battery solutions have enhanced the overall efficiency of the intended system since storage device prices are predicted to fall [3,4]. Accordingly, only the visible portion of the photovoltaic system (the solar array) is included in this definition. The design of photovoltaic systems can be small systems that are installed on the roofs of public buildings or home buildings or integrated systems with modern technologies and also can be installed in buildings and have production capabilities Ranging from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to huge power plants on the scale of electric power fields of hundreds of megawatts [5][6][7]. Presently, the majority of the PV systems are interconnected to the electrical grid. In contrast, off-grid or standalone PV systems represent a small part of the market. Photovoltaic systems work cleanly and quietly, without any moving parts or environmental emissions accompanying their work, so they can be considered production stations without ecological impact. Therefore, technology has become a priority to develop, use, and move away from traditional production methods [8,9]. Consequently, these electrical energy facilities have evolved from specialized and small market applications to mature technology and giant projects used to generate electrical power [10,11]. For example, a solar cell on a roof provides around 95% of net clean, renewable energy throughout 30-year service life. Because of the rapid growth of solar cells, the cost of photovoltaic systems has decreased significantly since their inception. Depending on the market and system size, they can vary considerably. Residential 5 KW systems in the US cost about $3.29 per watt in 2014, while rooftop systems up to 100 kW cost €1.24 in Germany, where the market is well-developed. System components and concessional fees (customer acquisition, permits, and inspections), installation work, and finance charges make up the rest of the cost. PV modules account for less than half of the system's cost. 8500 15000 This table clearly shows that Iraq has a large electricity supply-demand gap, widening over time due to rising consumer demand for electrical goods and Iraq's industrial expansion. Air conditioner consumption throughout the summer, which lasts from May to the end of September [12][13][14], causes an Iraqi Ministry of Energy shortage of about 6000 MW, according to the MoE.

Weather in Al-kut city
Kut's summers last around six months and are marked by heat, dryness, wind, and a lack of clouds, while the city's winters are chilly, dry, and largely clear. Throughout the year, the temperature usually ranges from 7°C to 46°C and rarely below 3°C or above 49°C. The figure below shows the climate summary [15].

25-30 mm Muggy
There is an average daily temperature above 40°C from late May through September, with the hottest day of the year being July 27, when the average temperature is 46°C and 31°C, respectively. A daily maximum temperature of fewer than 24 degrees Celsius can be expected from November to the beginning of March. January 11 is the coldest day, with an average temperature of 7 to 18 degrees Celsius [16,17]. Table 3 below shows the average temperature. In Kut, the average percentage of cloudy skies has significant seasonal variation throughout the year. When the sky is 100% clear, most days of the year in the city start at the end of May and last 4 months or are partly cloudy time, primarily overcast or cloudy. Clear weather is very encouraging for investment in solar panel investment and design.

Related work
Solar photovoltaic technology, a clean and green kind of energy generation, is critical in meeting the country's energy needs. Multiple researchers have carried out photovoltaic modeling and simulation studies over the last decade utilizing various methodologies and simulation tools to analyze numerous parameters [18][19][20]. As a result, Ada et al. created an IP10P solar PV model using Matlab and Labview to produce PV panel evaluation tools for testing the model in a summer outdoor environment [21]. In [22], the authors used empirical data and a curve fitting method to create solar PV module I-V and P-V characteristics. The problem with this method is that it can't collect adequate data if there is no experimental setup. This means that developing and modeling characteristic curves is challenging. These models show the functional and behavioral properties of PV generators, which also thoroughly analyze experimental results with simulation results. Matlab simulations of a circuit-based solar PV model for varying radiation and temperature values were provided by specific authors [23,24]. However, these articles do not detail a particular subsystem in the final solar PV model.  [32]. The characteristic curve has been determined by varying the irradiation and temperature parameters in specific authors' Matlab/Simulink models of PV modules [33,34]. It is true that Pendem and Mikkili (2018) presented a Matlab/Simulink application for modeling and simulating the KC200GT PV module. Still, they did not describe the phase-wise development of PV module modeling so that readers may run into difficulties simulating and comprehending the model. Based on the research cited above, photovoltaic module modeling, simulation, and analysis still have a long way to go [36,15,37]. Solar power might be considered a leading solution to electricity shortages because of its long-term impact on a country's socio-economic development [38]. It's vital to know if and how it can be done with the current infrastructure and resources. Some of the hurdles to the effective deployment of solar energy in the country include a lack of assessment of solar resource data, the need for user-friendly calculation and simulation tools to research the solar generator system, and computation for the proper size of photovoltaic systems. [39].
As a result, software tools for model authentication are needed to go around the obstacle and better comprehend real system behavior. PV system modeling, simulation, and analysis software packages abound, including Solar Pro, PV-Spice, PV-Design Pro, and PV CAD, but there are several disadvantages, such as high costs, commercial exclusivity, interface issues with electronic power systems, and proprietary packages that are only commercially available [40,41]. Due to its ease of use and high flexibility, the Matlab/Simulink package may be used to address the shortcomings mentioned above. This software is ideal for engineers working in power electronics, solar photovoltaics, and other technical fields. To properly install a PV system anywhere, it is essential to conduct thorough modeling, simulation, and analysis of the solar PV generator [42,10] beforehand. Researchers have spent the last decade focusing on solar PV module modeling and simulation to get the most accurate findings. Mathematical approaches, analytical methods, artificial intelligence approaches, linearization approaches, artificial neural networks, fuzzy techniques, and evolutionary algorithms [43][44][45] can model and optimize solar PV modules. Microstrip filters and antennas can be employed for signals and information managements based on assigned bands about the proposed system [46][47][48][49].

Proposed work
In this research, a solar-powered house was equipped with a simulation system to supply the home by installing solar cells on its roof to choose a place to install the solar cells. The installation method reasonably ensures an increase in the efficiency of the solar cell, as depicted in Table 4. When installing solar cells on the specified roof of the house, the quantity of radiation falling on the top of the cell is taken into account, and the expected shade is avoided. Figure 2. Perspective PV-field and surrounding shading scene Where the virtual house is equipped with photovoltaic cells and used for simulation purposes, as detailed below. The loads were chosen to simulate the system used to supply the house with solar energy throughout the year. Through these loads, the best site for installing the solar cell is studied, and as a result, its efficiency is known, and the necessary methods are found to increase efficiency For the cell whereas shown below in tables:

Results
By studying the expected loads during an entire year, as it was concluded through the illustrative chart below.

Conclusion
The PV simulation system was applied in installing a solar cell on the roof of a house. Throughout the seasons of the year, the best location for the installation of the cell was determined, as the correct structure of the cell is essential in increasing the efficiency of the cell. As indicated by the data recorded during the research paper. This program was also applied to determine the effect of shadow on the cell and determine the optimal solution to avoid this effect on the efficiency of the cell in producing electrical energy.